Template::Manual::VMethods - Virtual Methods
Splits the value into a list of chunks of a certain size.
[% ccard_no = "1234567824683579";
ccard_no.chunk(4).join
%]Output:
1234 5678 2468 3579If the size is specified as a negative number then the text will be chunked from right-to-left. This gives the correct grouping for numbers, for example.
[% number = 1234567;
number.chunk(-3).join(',')
%]Output:
1,234,567Returns the text with any leading and trailing whitespace removed and any internal sequences of whitespace converted to a single space
[% text = " The bird\n is the word" %]
[% text.collapse %] # The bird is the wordReturns true if the value is defined.
[% user = get_user(uid) IF uid.defined %]Returns the text with any double quote characters escaped with a backslash prefix. Any newline characters in the text will be replaced with "\n".
[% quote = 'He said "Oh really?"' %]
[% quote.dquote %] # He said \"Oh really?\"Return the value as a hash reference containing a single entry with the key value indicating the original scalar value. As with the list virtual method, this is generally used to help massage data into different formats.
Returns the text with the first letter converted to lower case.
[% word = 'BIRD' %]
[% word.lcfirst %] # bIRDReturns the length of the string representation of the item:
[% IF password.length < 8 %]
Password too short, dumbass!
[% END %]Returns true if the string is empty:
[% IF details.empty %]
No details specified
[% END %]Return the value as a single element list. This can be useful if you have a variable which may contain a single item or a list and you want to treat them equally. The list method can be called against a list reference and will simply return the original reference, effectively a no-op.
[% thing.list.size %] # thing can be a scalar or a listReturns the text in lower case.
[% word = 'BIRD' %]
[% word.lower %] # birdPerforms a regular expression match on the string using the pattern passed as an argument. If the pattern matches the string then the method returns a reference to a list of any strings captured within parenthesis in the pattern.
[% name = 'Larry Wall' %]
[% matches = name.match('(\w+) (\w+)') %]
[% matches.1 %], [% matches.0 %] # Wall, LarryIf the pattern does not match then the method returns false, rather than returning an empty list which Perl and the Template Toolkit both consider to be a true value. This allows you to write expression like this.
[% "We're not worthy!" IF name.match('Larry Wall') %]
[% IF (matches = name.match('(\w+) (\w+)')) %]
pattern matches: [% matches.join(', ') %]
[% ELSE %]
pattern does not match
[% END %]Any regex modifiers, like /s, should be added in the regex using the (?s) syntax. For example, to modify the regex to disregard whitespace (the /x switch), use:
[% re = '(?x)
(\w+)
[ ]
(\w+)
';
matches = name.match(re);
%]To perform a global search to match the pattern as many times as it appears in the source string, provide a true value for the global argument following the pattern.
[% text = 'bandanna';
text.match('an+', 1).join(', ') # an, ann
%]Repeat the string a specified number of times.
[% name = 'foo' %]
[% name.repeat(3) %] # foofoofooOutputs the string with all instances of the first argument (specified as a Perl regular expression) with the second.
[% name = 'foo, bar & baz' %]
[% name.replace('\W+', '_') %] # foo_bar_bazYou can use $1, $2, etc., to reference captured parts (in parentheses) in the regular expression. Just be careful to single quote the replacement string. If you use double quotes then TT will try and interpolate the variables before passing the string to the replace vmethod.
[% name = 'FooBarBaz' %]
[% name.replace('([A-Z])', ' $1') %] # Foo Bar BazOutputs the string with all instances of the pattern (specified as a Perl regular expression) removed.
[% name = 'foo, bar & baz' %]
[% name.remove('\W+') %] # foobarbazPerforms a similar function to match but simply returns true if the string matches the regular expression pattern passed as an argument.
[% name = 'foo bar baz' %]
[% name.search('bar') ? 'bar' : 'no bar' %] # barThis virtual method is now deprecated in favour of match. Move along now, there's nothing more to see here.
Always returns 1 for scalar values. This method is provided for consistency with the hash and list size methods.
Calls Perl's split() function to split a string into a list of strings.
[% FOREACH dir IN mypath.split(':') %]
[% dir %]
[% END %]Returns a substring starting at offset, for length characters.
[% str 'foo bar baz wiz waz woz') %]
[% str.substr(4, 3) %] # barIf length is not specified then it returns everything from the offset to the end of the string.
[% str.substr(12) %] # wiz waz wozIf both length and replacement are specified, then the method replaces everything from offset for length characters with $replacement. The substring removed from the string is then returned.
[% str.substr(0, 11, 'FOO') %] # foo bar baz
[% str %] # FOO wiz waz wozReturns the text with any single quote characters escaped with a backslash prefix.
[% tim = "Tim O'Reilly" %]
[% tim.squote %] # Tim O\'ReillyReturns the text with any leading and trailing whitespace removed.
[% text = ' hello world ' %]
[% text.trim %] # hello worldReturns the text with the first letter converted to upper case.
[% word = 'bird' %]
[% word.ucfirst %] # BirdReturns the text in upper case.
[% word = 'bird' %]
[% word.upper %] # BIRDReturns a list of keys in the hash. They are not returned in any particular order, but the order is the same as for the corresponding values method.
[% FOREACH key IN hash.keys %]
* [% key %]
[% END %]If you want the keys in sorted order, use the list sort method.
[% FOREACH key IN hash.keys.sort %]
* [% key %]
[% END %]Having got the keys in sorted order, you can then use variable interpolation to fetch the value. This is shown in the following example by the use of $key to fetch the item from hash whose key is stored in the key variable.
[% FOREACH key IN hash.keys.sort %]
* [% key %] = [% hash.$key %]
[% END %]Alternately, you can use the pairs method to get a list of key/value pairs in sorted order.
Returns a list of the values in the hash. As with the keys method, they are not returned in any particular order, although it is the same order that the keys are returned in.
[% hash.values.join(', ') %]Returns a list of both the keys and the values expanded into a single list.
[% hash = {
a = 10
b = 20
};
hash.items.join(', ') # a, 10, b, 20
%]This method currently returns the same thing as the items method.
However, please note that this method will change in the next major version of the Template Toolkit (v3) to return the same thing as the pairs method. This will be done in an effort to make these virtual method more consistent with each other and how Perl works.
In anticipation of this, we recommend that you stop using hash.each and instead use hash.items.
This method returns a list of key/value pairs. They are returned in sorted order according to the keys.
[% FOREACH pair IN product.pairs %]
* [% pair.key %] is [% pair.value %]
[% END %]Returns the contents of the hash in list form. An argument can be passed to indicate the desired items required in the list: keys to return a list of the keys (same as hash.keys), values to return a list of the values (same as hash.values), each to return as list of key and values (same as hash.each), or pairs to return a list of key/value pairs (same as hash.pairs).
[% keys = hash.list('keys') %]
[% values = hash.list('values') %]
[% items = hash.list('each') %]
[% pairs = hash.list('pairs') %]When called without an argument it currently returns the same thing as the pairs method. However, please note that this method will change in the next major version of the Template Toolkit (v3) to return a reference to a list containing the single hash reference (as per the scalar list method).
In anticipation of this, we recommend that you stop using hash.list and instead use hash.pairs.
Return a list of the keys, sorted alphabetically (sort) or numerically (nsort) according to the corresponding values in the hash.
[% FOREACH n IN phones.sort %]
[% phones.$n %] is [% n %],
[% END %]The import method can be called on a hash array to import the contents of another hash array.
[% hash1 = {
foo = 'Foo'
bar = 'Bar'
}
hash2 = {
wiz = 'Wiz'
woz = 'Woz'
}
%]
[% hash1.import(hash2) %]
[% hash1.wiz %] # WizYou can also call the import() method by itself to import a hash array into the current namespace hash.
[% user = { id => 'lwall', name => 'Larry Wall' } %]
[% import(user) %]
[% id %]: [% name %] # lwall: Larry WallReturns a true or false value if an item in the hash denoted by the key passed as an argument is defined or exists, respectively.
[% hash.defined('somekey') ? 'yes' : 'no' %]
[% hash.exists('somekey') ? 'yes' : 'no' %]When called without any argument, hash.defined returns true if the hash itself is defined (e.g. the same effect as scalar.defined).
Delete one or more items from the hash.
[% hash.delete('foo', 'bar') %]Returns the number of key/value pairs in the hash.
Returns true if the hash is empty:
[% IF config.empty %]
No configuration available
[% END %]Returns an item from the hash using a key passed as an argument.
[% hash.item('foo') %] # same as hash.fooReturns the first/last item in the list. The item is not removed from the list.
[% results.first %] to [% results.last %]If either is given a numeric argument n, they return the first or last n elements:
The first 5 results are [% results.first(5).join(", ") %].Returns the size of a list (number of elements) and the maximum index number (size - 1), respectively.
[% results.size %] search results matched your queryReturns true if the list is empty:
[% IF results.empty %]
No results found
[% END %]Returns a true or false value if the item in the list denoted by the argument is defined.
[% list.defined(3) ? 'yes' : 'no' %]When called without any argument, list.defined returns true if the list itself is defined (e.g. the same effect as scalar.defined).
Returns the items of the list in reverse order.
[% FOREACH s IN scores.reverse %]
...
[% END %]Joins the items in the list into a single string, using Perl's join() function.
[% items.join(', ') %]Returns a list of the items in the list that match a regular expression pattern.
[% FOREACH directory.files.grep('\.txt$') %]
...
[% END %]Returns the items in alpha (sort) or numerical (nsort) order.
[% library = books.sort %]An argument can be provided to specify a search key. Where an item in the list is a hash reference, the search key will be used to retrieve a value from the hash which will then be used as the comparison value. Where an item is an object which implements a method of that name, the method will be called to return a comparison value.
[% library = books.sort('author') %]In the example, the books list can contains hash references with an author key or objects with an author method.
You can also specify multiple sort keys.
[% library = books.sort('author', 'title') %]In this case the books will be sorted primarily by author. If two or more books have authors with the same name then they will be sorted by title.
The push() method adds an item or items to the end of list.
[% mylist.push(foo) %]
[% mylist.push(foo, bar) %]The unshift() method adds an item or items to the start of a list.
[% mylist.unshift(foo) %]
[% mylist.push(foo, bar) %]Removes the first/last item from the list and returns it.
[% first = mylist.shift %]
[% last = mylist.pop %]Returns a list of the unique elements in a list, in the same order as in the list itself.
[% mylist = [ 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3, 4, 5 ] %]
[% numbers = mylist.unique %]While this can be explicitly sorted, it is not required that the list be sorted before the unique elements are pulled out (unlike the Unix command line utility).
[% numbers = mylist.unique.sort %]Appends the contents of one or more other lists to the end of the current list.
[% one = [ 1 2 3 ];
two = [ 4 5 6 ];
three = [ 7 8 9 ];
one.import(two, three);
one.join(', '); # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
%]Import also allows chaining. The below syntax is equivalent.
[% one = [ 1 2 3 ];
two = [ 4 5 6 ];
three = [ 7 8 9 ];
one.import(two, three).join(', '); # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
# or: one.import(two).import(three).join(', '); # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
%]Returns a list composed of zero or more other lists:
[% list_one = [ 1 2 3 ];
list_two = [ 4 5 6 ];
list_three = [ 7 8 9 ];
list_four = list_one.merge(list_two, list_three);
%]The original lists are not modified.
Returns a slice of items in the list between the bounds passed as arguments. If the second argument, to, isn't specified, then it defaults to the last item in the list. The original list is not modified.
[% first_three = list.slice(0,2) %]
[% last_three = list.slice(-3, -1) %]Behaves just like Perl's splice() function allowing you to selectively remove and/or replace elements in a list. It removes length items from the list, starting at offset and replaces them with the items in list.
[% play_game = [ 'play', 'scrabble' ];
ping_pong = [ 'ping', 'pong' ];
redundant = play_game.splice(1, 1, ping_pong);
redundant.join; # scrabble
play_game.join; # play ping pong
%]The method returns a list of the items removed by the splice. You can use the CALL directive to ignore the output if you're not planning to do anything with it.
[% CALL play_game.splice(1, 1, ping_pong) %]As well as providing a reference to a list of replacement values, you can pass in a list of items.
[% CALL list.splice(-1, 0, 'foo', 'bar') %]Be careful about passing just one item in as a replacement value. If it is a reference to a list then the contents of the list will be used. If it's not a list, then it will be treated as a single value. You can use square brackets around a single item if you need to be explicit:
[% # push a single item, an_item
CALL list.splice(-1, 0, an_item);
# push the items from another_list
CALL list.splice(-1, 0, another_list);
# push a reference to another_list
CALL list.splice(-1, 0, [ another_list ]);
%]Returns a reference to a hash array comprised of the elements in the list. The even-numbered elements (0, 2, 4, etc) become the keys and the odd-numbered elements (1, 3, 5, etc) the values.
[% list = ['pi', 3.14, 'e', 2.718] %]
[% hash = list.hash %]
[% hash.pi %] # 3.14
[% hash.e %] # 2.718If a numerical argument is provided then the hash returned will have keys generated for each item starting at the number specified.
[% list = ['beer', 'peanuts'] %]
[% hash = list.hash(1) %]
[% hash.1 %] # beer
[% hash.2 %] # peanutsReturns an item from the list using an index passed as an argument.
[% list.item(0) %] # same as list.0In addition to the scalar virtual methods listed in the previous section, you can also call any list virtual method against a scalar. The item will be automagically promoted to a single element list and the appropriate list virtual method will be called.
One particular benefit of this comes when calling subroutines or object methods that return a list of items, rather than the preferred reference to a list of items. In this case, the Template Toolkit automatically folds the items returned into a list.
The upshot is that you can continue to use existing Perl modules or code that returns lists of items, without having to refactor it just to keep the Template Toolkit happy (by returning references to list). Class::DBI module is just one example of a particularly useful module which returns values this way.
If only a single item is returned from a subroutine then the Template Toolkit assumes it meant to return a single item (rather than a list of 1 item) and leaves it well alone, returning the single value as it is. If you're executing a database query, for example, you might get 1 item returned, or perhaps many items which are then folded into a list.
The FOREACH directive will happily accept either a list or a single item which it will treat as a list. So it's safe to write directives like this, where we assume that the something variable is bound to a subroutine which may return one or more items:
[% FOREACH item IN something %]
...
[% END %]The automagic promotion of scalars to single item lists means that you can also use list virtual methods safely, even if you only get one item returned. For example:
[% something.first %]
[% something.join %]
[% something.reverse.join(', ') %]Note that this is very much a last-ditch behaviour. If the single item return is an object with a first method, for example, then that will be called, as expected, in preference to the list virtual method.
You can define your own virtual methods for scalars, lists and hash arrays. The Template::Stash package variables $SCALAR_OPS, $LIST_OPS and $HASH_OPS are references to hash arrays that define these virtual methods. HASH_OPS and LIST_OPS methods are subroutines that accept a hash/list reference as the first item. SCALAR_OPS are subroutines that accept a scalar value as the first item. Any other arguments specified when the method is called will be passed to the subroutine.
# load Template::Stash to make method tables visible
use Template::Stash;
# define list method to return new list of odd numbers only
$Template::Stash::LIST_OPS->{ odd } = sub {
my $list = shift;
return [ grep { $_ % 2 } @$list ];
};Example template:
[% primes = [ 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 ] %]
[% primes.odd.join(', ') %] # 3, 5, 7, 9TODO: document the define_vmethod() method which makes this even easier