# it wouldn't hurt to add a new line for such a configuration.  You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public License
#  or the Artistic License (the same terms as Perl itself)
#
#  (C) Paul Evans, 2009-2018 -- leonerd@leonerd.org.uk

package List::UtilsBy;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION = '0.12';

use Exporter 'import';

our @EXPORT_OK = qw(
   sort_by
   nsort_by
   rev_sort_by
   rev_nsort_by

   max_by nmax_by
   min_by nmin_by
   minmax_by nminmax_by

   uniq_by

   partition_by
   count_by

   zip_by
   unzip_by

   extract_by
   extract_first_by

   weighted_shuffle_by

   bundle_by
);

=head1 NAME

C<List::UtilsBy> - higher-order list utility functions

=head1 SYNOPSIS

   use List::UtilsBy qw( nsort_by min_by );

   use File::stat qw( stat );
   my @files_by_age = nsort_by { stat($_)->mtime } @files;

   my $shortest_name = min_by { length } @names;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module provides a number of list utility functions, all of which take an
initial code block to control their behaviour. They are variations on similar
core perl or C<List::Util> functions of similar names, but which use the block
to control their behaviour. For example, the core Perl function C<sort> takes
a list of values and returns them, sorted into order by their string value.
The L</sort_by> function sorts them according to the string value returned by
the extra function, when given each value.

   my @names_sorted = sort @names;

   my @people_sorted = sort_by { $_->name } @people;

=cut

=head1 FUNCTIONS

All functions added since version 0.04 unless otherwise stated, as the
original names for earlier versions were renamed.

=cut

=head2 sort_by

   @vals = sort_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

Returns the list of values sorted according to the string values returned by
the C<KEYFUNC> block or function. A typical use of this may be to sort objects
according to the string value of some accessor, such as

   sort_by { $_->name } @people

The key function is called in scalar context, being passed each value in turn
as both C<$_> and the only argument in the parameters, C<@_>. The values are
then sorted according to string comparisons on the values returned.

This is equivalent to

   sort { $a->name cmp $b->name } @people

except that it guarantees the C<name> accessor will be executed only once per
value.

One interesting use-case is to sort strings which may have numbers embedded in
them "naturally", rather than lexically.

   sort_by { s/(\d+)/sprintf "%09d", $1/eg; $_ } @strings

This sorts strings by generating sort keys which zero-pad the embedded numbers
to some level (9 digits in this case), helping to ensure the lexical sort puts
them in the correct order.

=cut

sub sort_by(&@)
{
   my $keygen = shift;

   my @keys = map { local $_ = $_; scalar $keygen->( $_ ) } @_;
   return @_[ sort { $keys[$a] cmp $keys[$b] } 0 .. $#_ ];
}

=head2 nsort_by

   @vals = nsort_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

Similar to L</sort_by> but compares its key values numerically.

=cut

sub nsort_by(&@)
{
   my $keygen = shift;

   my @keys = map { local $_ = $_; scalar $keygen->( $_ ) } @_;
   return @_[ sort { $keys[$a] <=> $keys[$b] } 0 .. $#_ ];
}

=head2 rev_sort_by

=head2 rev_nsort_by

   @vals = rev_sort_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

   @vals = rev_nsort_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

I<Since version 0.06.>

Similar to L</sort_by> and L</nsort_by> but returns the list in the reverse
order. Equivalent to

   @vals = reverse sort_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

except that these functions are slightly more efficient because they avoid
the final C<reverse> operation.

=cut

sub rev_sort_by(&@)
{
   my $keygen = shift;

   my @keys = map { local $_ = $_; scalar $keygen->( $_ ) } @_;
   return @_[ sort { $keys[$b] cmp $keys[$a] } 0 .. $#_ ];
}

sub rev_nsort_by(&@)
{
   my $keygen = shift;

   my @keys = map { local $_ = $_; scalar $keygen->( $_ ) } @_;
   return @_[ sort { $keys[$b] <=> $keys[$a] } 0 .. $#_ ];
}

=head2 max_by

   $optimal = max_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

   @optimal = max_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

Returns the (first) value from C<@vals> that gives the numerically largest
result from the key function.

   my $tallest = max_by { $_->height } @people

   use File::stat qw( stat );
   my $newest = max_by { stat($_)->mtime } @files;

In scalar context, the first maximal value is returned. In list context, a
list of all the maximal values is returned. This may be used to obtain
positions other than the first, if order is significant.

If called on an empty list, an empty list is returned.

For symmetry with the L</nsort_by> function, this is also provided under the
name C<nmax_by> since it behaves numerically.

=cut

sub max_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   return unless @_;

   local $_;

   my @maximal = $_ = shift @_;
   my $max     = $code->( $_ );

   foreach ( @_ ) {
      my $this = $code->( $_ );
      if( $this > $max ) {
         @maximal = $_;
         $max     = $this;
      }
      elsif( wantarray and $this == $max ) {
         push @maximal, $_;
      }
   }

   return wantarray ? @maximal : $maximal[0];
}

*nmax_by = \&max_by;

=head2 min_by

   $optimal = min_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

   @optimal = min_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

Similar to L</max_by> but returns values which give the numerically smallest
result from the key function. Also provided as C<nmin_by>

=cut

sub min_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   return unless @_;

   local $_;

   my @minimal = $_ = shift @_;
   my $min     = $code->( $_ );

   foreach ( @_ ) {
      my $this = $code->( $_ );
      if( $this < $min ) {
         @minimal = $_;
         $min     = $this;
      }
      elsif( wantarray and $this == $min ) {
         push @minimal, $_;
      }
   }

   return wantarray ? @minimal : $minimal[0];
}

*nmin_by = \&min_by;

=head2 minmax_by

   ( $minimal, $maximal ) = minmax_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

I<Since version 0.11.>

Similar to calling both L</min_by> and L</max_by> with the same key function
on the same list. This version is more efficient than calling the two other
functions individually, as it has less work to perform overall. In the case of
ties, only the first optimal element found in each case is returned. Also
provided as C<nminmax_by>.

=cut

sub minmax_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   return unless @_;

   my $minimal = $_ = shift @_;
   my $min     = $code->( $_ );

   return ( $minimal, $minimal ) unless @_;

   my $maximal = $_ = shift @_;
   my $max     = $code->( $_ );

   if( $max < $min ) {
      ( $maximal, $minimal ) = ( $minimal, $maximal );
      ( $max,     $min     ) = ( $min,     $max );
   }

   # Minmax algorithm is faster than naïve min + max individually because it
   # takes pairs of values
   while( @_ ) {
      my $try_minimal = $_ = shift @_;
      my $try_min     = $code->( $_ );

      my $try_maximal = $try_minimal;
      my $try_max     = $try_min;
      if( @_ ) {
         $try_maximal = $_ = shift @_;
         $try_max     = $code->( $_ );

         if( $try_max < $try_min ) {
            ( $try_minimal, $try_maximal ) = ( $try_maximal, $try_minimal );
            ( $try_min,     $try_max     ) = ( $try_max,     $try_min );
         }
      }

      if( $try_min < $min ) {
         $minimal = $try_minimal;
         $min     = $try_min;
      }
      if( $try_max > $max ) {
         $maximal = $try_maximal;
         $max     = $try_max;
      }
   }

   return ( $minimal, $maximal );
}

*nminmax_by = \&minmax_by;

=head2 uniq_by

   @vals = uniq_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

Returns a list of the subset of values for which the key function block
returns unique values. The first value yielding a particular key is chosen,
subsequent values are rejected.

   my @some_fruit = uniq_by { $_->colour } @fruit;

To select instead the last value per key, reverse the input list. If the order
of the results is significant, don't forget to reverse the result as well:

   my @some_fruit = reverse uniq_by { $_->colour } reverse @fruit;

Because the values returned by the key function are used as hash keys, they
ought to either be strings, or at least well-behaved as strings (such as
numbers, or object references which overload stringification in a suitable
manner).

=cut

sub uniq_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   my %present;
   return grep {
      my $key = $code->( local $_ = $_ );
      !$present{$key}++
   } @_;
}

=head2 partition_by

   %parts = partition_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

Returns a key/value list of ARRAY refs containing all the original values
distributed according to the result of the key function block. Each value will
be an ARRAY ref containing all the values which returned the string from the
key function, in their original order.

   my %balls_by_colour = partition_by { $_->colour } @balls;

Because the values returned by the key function are used as hash keys, they
ought to either be strings, or at least well-behaved as strings (such as
numbers, or object references which overload stringification in a suitable
manner).

=cut

sub partition_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   my %parts;
   push @{ $parts{ $code->( local $_ = $_ ) } }, $_ for @_;

   return %parts;
}

=head2 count_by

   %counts = count_by { KEYFUNC } @vals

I<Since version 0.07.>

Returns a key/value list of integers, giving the number of times the key
function block returned the key, for each value in the list.

   my %count_of_balls = count_by { $_->colour } @balls;

Because the values returned by the key function are used as hash keys, they
ought to either be strings, or at least well-behaved as strings (such as
numbers, or object references which overload stringification in a suitable
manner).

=cut

sub count_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   my %counts;
   $counts{ $code->( local $_ = $_ ) }++ for @_;

   return %counts;
}

=head2 zip_by

   @vals = zip_by { ITEMFUNC } \@arr0, \@arr1, \@arr2,...

Returns a list of each of the values returned by the function block, when
invoked with values from across each each of the given ARRAY references. Each
value in the returned list will be the result of the function having been
invoked with arguments at that position, from across each of the arrays given.

   my @transposition = zip_by { [ @_ ] } @matrix;

   my @names = zip_by { "$_[1], $_[0]" } \@firstnames, \@surnames;

   print zip_by { "$_[0] => $_[1]\n" } [ keys %hash ], [ values %hash ];

If some of the arrays are shorter than others, the function will behave as if
they had C<undef> in the trailing positions. The following two lines are
equivalent:

   zip_by { f(@_) } [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ "a", "b" ]
   f( 1, "a" ), f( 2, "b" ), f( 3, undef )

The item function is called by C<map>, so if it returns a list, the entire
list is included in the result. This can be useful for example, for generating
a hash from two separate lists of keys and values

   my %nums = zip_by { @_ } [qw( one two three )], [ 1, 2, 3 ];
   # %nums = ( one => 1, two => 2, three => 3 )

(A function having this behaviour is sometimes called C<zipWith>, e.g. in
Haskell, but that name would not fit the naming scheme used by this module).

=cut

sub zip_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   @_ or return;

   my $len = 0;
   scalar @$_ > $len and $len = scalar @$_ for @_;

   return map {
      my $idx = $_;
      $code->( map { $_[$_][$idx] } 0 .. $#_ )
   } 0 .. $len-1;
}

=head2 unzip_by

   $arr0, $arr1, $arr2, ... = unzip_by { ITEMFUNC } @vals

I<Since version 0.09.>

Returns a list of ARRAY references containing the values returned by the
function block, when invoked for each of the values given in the input list.
Each of the returned ARRAY references will contain the values returned at that
corresponding position by the function block. That is, the first returned
ARRAY reference will contain all the values returned in the first position by
the function block, the second will contain all the values from the second
position, and so on.

   my ( $firstnames, $lastnames ) = unzip_by { m/^(.*?) (.*)$/ } @names;

If the function returns lists of differing lengths, the result will be padded
with C<undef> in the missing elements.

This function is an inverse of L</zip_by>, if given a corresponding inverse
function.

=cut

sub unzip_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;

   my @ret;
   foreach my $idx ( 0 .. $#_ ) {
      my @slice = $code->( local $_ = $_[$idx] );
      $#slice = $#ret if @slice < @ret;
      $ret[$_][$idx] = $slice[$_] for 0 .. $#slice;
   }

   return @ret;
}

=head2 extract_by

   @vals = extract_by { SELECTFUNC } @arr

I<Since version 0.05.>

Removes elements from the referenced array on which the selection function
returns true, and returns a list containing those elements. This function is
similar to C<grep>, except that it modifies the referenced array to remove the
selected values from it, leaving only the unselected ones.

   my @red_balls = extract_by { $_->color eq "red" } @balls;

   # Now there are no red balls in the @balls array

This function modifies a real array, unlike most of the other functions in this
module. Because of this, it requires a real array, not just a list.

This function is implemented by invoking C<splice> on the array, not by
constructing a new list and assigning it. One result of this is that weak
references will not be disturbed.

   extract_by { !defined $_ } @refs;

will leave weak references weakened in the C<@refs> array, whereas

   @refs = grep { defined $_ } @refs;

will strengthen them all again.

=cut

sub extract_by(&\@)
{
   my $code = shift;
   my ( $arrref ) = @_;

   my @ret;
   for( my $idx = 0; ; $idx++ ) {
      last if $idx > $#$arrref;
      next unless $code->( local $_ = $arrref->[$idx] );

      push @ret, splice @$arrref, $idx, 1, ();
      redo;
   }

   return @ret;
}

=head2 extract_first_by

   $val = extract_first_by { SELECTFUNC } @arr

I<Since version 0.10.>

A hybrid between L</extract_by> and C<List::Util::first>. Removes the first
element from the referenced array on which the selection function returns
true, returning it.

As with L</extract_by>, this function requires a real array and not just a
list, and is also implemented using C<splice> so that weak references are
not disturbed.

If this function fails to find a matching element, it will return an empty
list in list context. This allows a caller to distinguish the case between
no matching element, and the first matching element being C<undef>.

=cut

sub extract_first_by(&\@)
{
   my $code = shift;
   my ( $arrref ) = @_;

   foreach my $idx ( 0 .. $#$arrref ) {
      next unless $code->( local $_ = $arrref->[$idx] );

      return splice @$arrref, $idx, 1, ();
   }

   return;
}

=head2 weighted_shuffle_by

   @vals = weighted_shuffle_by { WEIGHTFUNC } @vals

I<Since version 0.07.>

Returns the list of values shuffled into a random order. The randomisation is
not uniform, but weighted by the value returned by the C<WEIGHTFUNC>. The
probability of each item being returned first will be distributed with the
distribution of the weights, and so on recursively for the remaining items.

=cut

sub weighted_shuffle_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;
   my @vals = @_;

   my @weights = map { $code->( local $_ = $_ ) } @vals;

   my @ret;
   while( @vals > 1 ) {
      my $total = 0; $total += $_ for @weights;
      my $select = int rand $total;
      my $idx = 0;
      while( $select >= $weights[$idx] ) {
         $select -= $weights[$idx++];
      }

      push @ret, splice @vals, $idx, 1, ();
      splice @weights, $idx, 1, ();
   }

   push @ret, @vals if @vals;

   return @ret;
}

=head2 bundle_by

   @vals = bundle_by { BLOCKFUNC } $number, @vals

I<Since version 0.07.>

Similar to a regular C<map> functional, returns a list of the values returned
by C<BLOCKFUNC>. Values from the input list are given to the block function in
bundles of C<$number>.

If given a list of values whose length does not evenly divide by C<$number>,
the final call will be passed fewer elements than the others.

=cut

sub bundle_by(&@)
{
   my $code = shift;
   my $n = shift;

   my @ret;
   for( my ( $pos, $next ) = ( 0, $n ); $pos < @_; $pos = $next, $next += $n ) {
      $next = @_ if $next > @_;
      push @ret, $code->( @_[$pos .. $next-1] );
   }
   return @ret;
}

=head1 EXAMPLES

As many of these functions both take and return lists of values, more useful
behaviours can be created by combining them together.

=head2 Modal Value

To pick the modal value in a list (i.e. the value that appears most
frequently according to some key function) combine C<count_by> and C<max_by>:

   my %counts = count_by { KEYFUNC } ITEMS;
   my $modal = max_by { $counts{$_} } keys %counts;

This can be performed in a single step by use of the C<pairs> function from
L<List::Util>:

   use List::Util qw( pairs );

   my $modal = ( max_by { $_->value } pairs count_by { KEYFUNC } ITEMS )->key;

=cut

=head1 TODO

=over 4

=item * XS implementations

These functions are currently all written in pure perl. Some at least, may
benefit from having XS implementations to speed up their logic.

=item * Merge into L<List::Util> or L<List::MoreUtils>

This module shouldn't really exist. The functions should instead be part of
one of the existing modules that already contain many list utility functions.
Having Yet Another List Utilty Module just worsens the problem.

I have attempted to contact the authors of both of the above modules, to no
avail; therefore I decided it best to write and release this code here anyway
so that it is at least on CPAN. Once there, we can then see how best to merge
it into an existing module.

I<Updated 2015/07/16>: As I am now the maintainer of L<List::Util>, some
amount of merging/copying should be possible. However, given the latter's key
position in the core F<perl> distribution and head of the "CPAN River" I am
keen not to do this wholesale, but a selected pick of what seems best, by a
popular consensus.

=item * C<head> and C<tail>-like functions

Consider perhaps

   head_before { COND } LIST  # excludes terminating element
   head_upto   { COND } LIST  # includes terminating element

   tail_since  { COND } LIST  # includes initiating element
   tail_after  { COND } LIST  # excludes initiating element

(See also L<https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=105907>).

=back

=head1 AUTHOR

Paul Evans <leonerd@leonerd.org.uk>

=cut

0x55AA;